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How nature makes a complex brain — and why humans may not be so special after all

Various cell types in chick brains are color-coded.
Fernando García-Moreno
Various cell types in chick brains are color-coded.

A recent series of studies suggests that the brains of birds, reptiles and mammals all evolved independently — even though they share a common ancestor.

This process, where different species independently evolve similar traits, is called convergent evolution. It suggests that complex brains have evolved more than once in vertebrates.

We talk to Fernando García Moreno, a researcher at the Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, about his work on the series of studies that came out in Science in February, and why he thinks the work may give researchers insight into improving neural networks and artificial intelligence.

Check out the studies here.


Want to hear more about the complex road of evolution? Send us an email at shortwave@npr.org.

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Today's episode was produced by Rachel Carlson. It was edited by Rebecca Ramirez. Tyler Jones checked the facts. Kwesi Lee was the audio engineer.

Copyright 2025 NPR

Regina G. Barber
Regina G. Barber is Short Wave's Scientist in Residence. She contributes original reporting on STEM and guest hosts the show.
Rachel Carlson
Rachel Carlson (she/her) is a production assistant at Short Wave, NPR's science podcast. She gets to do a bit of everything: researching, sourcing, writing, fact-checking and cutting episodes.
Rebecca Ramirez
Rebecca Ramirez (she/her) is the founding producer of NPR's daily science podcast, Short Wave. It's a meditation in how to be a Swiss Army Knife, in that it involves a little of everything — background research, finding and booking sources, interviewing guests, writing, cutting the tape, editing, scoring ... you get the idea.