Science & Technology

With 'Single-Stream' Recycling, Convenience Comes At A Cost

St. Louis Public Radio | By Veronique LaCapra

Published March 31, 2015 at 3:58 AM CDT

1 of 4 — At Resource Management's material recovery facility, workers pull plastic bags, other trash and large pieces of cardboard off the conveyor belts before the mixed single-stream recyclables enter the sorting machines.

At Resource Management's material recovery facility, workers pull plastic bags, other trash and large pieces of cardboard off the conveyor belts before the mixed single-stream recyclables enter the sorting machines.

2 of 4 — Trucks dump their loads of single-stream recycling on the "tip floor" at Resource Management's MRF in Earth City, Mo.

Trucks dump their loads of single-stream recycling on the "tip floor" at Resource Management's MRF in Earth City, Mo.

3 of 4 — Republic Services' recycling general manager, Brent Batliner, explains how aluminum cans are compressed into 1,500-pound bales at his company's MRF in Hazelwood, Mo. Valued at about $1,200 per ton, aluminum is the most lucrative recyclable product sold by MRFs.

Republic Services' recycling general manager, Brent Batliner, explains how aluminum cans are compressed into 1,500-pound bales at his company's MRF in Hazelwood, Mo. Valued at about $1,200 per ton, aluminum is the most lucrative recyclable product sold by MRFs.

4 of 4 — Machines do most of the sorting work at an MRF, with workers providing quality control. Even so, some contaminants make it through the process, like the plastic sandwich bag visible in the bottom right of this paper bale.

Machines do most of the sorting work at an MRF, with workers providing quality control. Even so, some contaminants make it through the process, like the plastic sandwich bag visible in the bottom right of this paper bale.

In many municipalities around the country, the days of sorting your recyclables for curbside pickup are long gone, replaced by a system called "single stream" recycling. But what happens after all those bits of plastic, paper, glass and metal get put in the bin?

Because it's often collected by the same workers who pick up the garbage, it's easy to wonder if the recyclables make their way to the dump, too. But single-stream recycling ends up at a place called a materials recovery facility.

An MRF is part warehouse, part industrial plant; a single facility can process hundreds of tons every day, using workers and high-tech machines.

"This machine is like a large grocery store scanner," says Brent Batliner, manager at the St. Louis-area recycling division of Republic Services as he stands next to something called an optical sorter. "It's got infrared scanners that, as material passes underneath it, it will read the chemical makeup of the bottle."

This optical sorter is set to scan for HDPE, or the type of plastic labeled with the numeral 2. When a milk jug or detergent bottle reaches the scanner, a row of air jets sends it flying off the conveyor and into a storage bunker 25 feet below.

"Pops it right off the belt," Batliner says.

There are other optical sorters, as well as a machine with a magnetic belt to capture steel, and one with spinning magnets that repel aluminum. But even with all that high-tech equipment, single-stream recycling is far from perfect.

Batliner says some of the residential single-stream recycling sent here does end up in a landfill.

Consumers are part of the problem. While some people pat themselves on the back for the plastic bags and greasy pizza boxes they try to recycle, the MRFs can't process them.

"People sometimes want to put a lawnmower motor in," says Gary Gilliam, sales manager with Resource Management, which runs another St. Louis-area MRF. "You know, well, it's steel. But it's not what we do here."

People try to recycle some pretty strange things — like this dummy hand grenade. Gilliam has it saved in a drawer, along with a 20 mm shell — the kind that would be fired from an Apache helicopter.

In his 20 years in the business, Gilliam has seen it all.

"One of the guys came in one day with a hand grenade," he says. It turned out to be a fake.

Contamination is a bigger problem. Mixing everything together is convenient, but leads to wet paper and bits of broken glass that can't be sorted.

"As we often say, you can't unscramble an egg," says Susan Collins, director of the Container Recycling Institute, a nonprofit research and advocacy group. She says what single-stream wins in volume, it sacrifices in quality.

"In terms of preserving the quality of materials so that the maximum materials collected can actually be recycled, single-stream is one of the worst options," she says.

Collins adds that about a quarter of single-stream recycling goes to the dump. For glass, that loss can be as high as 40 percent.

Even so, in the constant tug of war between quality and convenience, convenience wins. But as single-stream processing continues to increase in popularity, the trade-off will be fewer recyclables recycled.