In Alaska's Remote Towns, Climate Change Is Already Leaving Many Hungry

By Clare Leschin-Hoar

Published July 27, 2016 at 6:00 AM CDT

Walrus, shown here on a drying rack, represents a major source of nutritious food for many in Alaska's St. Lawrence Island. In recent years, warmer temperatures have pushed the sea ice farther from St. Lawrence's shores, making walrus hunting more challenging. This shortfall has led to increased food insecurity on the island.

There was a time when Sandra Gologergen's freezer never ran out. Packed with traditional Inuit foods like whale, walrus, seal and fish, her freezer has been an essential lifeline, ensuring her husband, three kids and grandson make it through the long harsh winters of Savoonga, Alaska.

"Then that changed," she says.

Warmer winters and changing ice conditions meant hunters were unable to bag the Pacific walrus the Savoonga residents traditionally relied on as a key food source. Three years ago, the situation became so dire, the governor declared the island an economic disaster to help loosen assistance funds.

"The animals are there, but the ice and weather conditions (that hunters need to harvest the animals) have changed," says Gologergen. "I'm not the only one whose freezer has run out."

Savoonga is a small community of about 650 residents that sits on the northern edge of St. Lawrence Island, 164 miles west of Nome, in the Bering Sea. It is among the first U.S. communities to experience the effects of climate change firsthand.

Sandra Gologergen and Wilfred Miklahook stand with the community of Savoonga, Alaska, in the background. Despite what appears to be lots of snow, Savoonga residents have been struggling with warmer-than-usual temperatures, which has led to challenging conditions for subsistence hunting.

Warmer winters, early springs and a shift in typical storm patterns have hampered the ability of Alaska Native families like Gologergen's to harvest the subsistence foods they've relied on for more than a millennium. The debate here isn't over whether climate change is happening. For these rural communities, the question is whether they can continue to survive there.

It's a similar story in tiny rural Buckland, Alaska, with a population of nearly 420. Here, worries over walrus harvests are swapped for concerns about declining caribou herds. In April, the state closed caribou hunting there to non-locals.

"Right now, a lot of people are out of caribou meat," says Percy Ballot Sr., a member of the Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska from Buckland. "Caribou used to migrate and winter in our area. Now some of the herd stays where they are, some move to the west and east. We've been trying to go out and look for some and haven't seen any."

According to Feeding America's latest Map the Meal Gap, food insecurity rates for the state hover at 14.4 percent, just above the national rate of 14 percent. But what makes the situation in Alaska different from many other states is its residents' dependence on subsistence hunting, especially those who live in remote communities. In 2012, the state estimated that rural residents harvested a whopping 295 pounds of wild foods per person — including fish, whale, seals, sea lions, moose, caribou, birds and wild plants from berries to kelp.

Food stamp benefits are tiered in Alaska, and rural residents can get as much as $1,227 a month for a family of four, but that assistance doesn't go far at their small local grocers, where expensive transportation costs translate to sobering sticker prices. Milk can routinely cost $10 a gallon or more; a container of juice can run $13; a loaf of bread can cost $6; and a box of cereal can run $8.

It's a problem Cara Durr, director of public engagement for Food Bank of Alaska, a Feeding America member, has seen firsthand.

"In places like Savoonga, suddenly you've got an 80 percent reduction in the amount of food you're used to having. There aren't a lot of jobs on these islands, and to say to people they now have to go to the grocery store — it's just out of reach for a lot of these people. And there are hundreds of communities like this," Durr says. "You can't just snap your fingers and send more food. It's incredibly expensive to ship food out there."

Store-bought food in rural Alaska, particularly in communities not connected to the road system, is typically very expensive. A gallon of milk can cost $10, a cereal box, $8 and a can of fruit, $4. When communities receive fresh food, it is often prohibitively expensive and of poor quality.

The issue is more complex than just caloric intake, purchasing power and nutrition. There's a strong cultural factor at play as well. In a report released in December, the Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska and its Food Security Advisory Committee focused on how traditional foods will be affected by policymaking.

"This report really shows that all the drivers of food insecurity are linked to a lack of decision-making power," says Carolina Behe, indigenous knowledge and science adviser for the Inuit Circumpolar Council-Alaska. "The Inuit know how to adapt, but they need to be supported."

But climate change has introduced umpteen hurdles.

"There's a huge safety issue, with thinning ice that people need to travel on and hunt on. And snow coverage isn't just for transportation, but for insulation of vegetation in the winter. People's hunting camps are lost because of erosion," Behe says. "You have to have the right conditions to prepare the food.

"You need to dry the fish, but if it's raining when it normally isn't raining, you can't dry the fish. You need to wait until there's a good time to do that, but fishing regulations may not allow you to fish at that time," she says. "Or if fish are coming in at the same time as the berries, it's challenging to harvest both at the same time."

Efforts to get enough nutrition to these rural communities have turned into an ongoing task. On Aug. 10, the hunger nonprofit Sea Share will be shipping 14,000 pounds of frozen halibut from Kodiak, with the help of the Coast Guard, where it will then be distributed in Kotzebue and nearby villages.

"This is the fourth year we've gone to Kotzebue," says Jim Harmon, executive director of Sea Share. "Last year, Nome called and said communities on the coast couldn't get the walrus they needed, so the Coast Guard made a second stop in Nome to distribute fish in Diomede, Savoonga and Gambell."

Behe says a millennium of experience in the region may help provide the answer in helping these communities survive climate change.

"The biggest thing to know is the Inuit know how to adapt, but they need to be supported to do it," she says.