When students in wilderness EMT Alice Henshaw's training courses grab practice dummies for CPR drills, they have their choice of a traditional, flat-chested training manikin or one that looks a little different: a manikin zipped into a neoprene vest with silicone breasts.
That's the Womanikin, a universal attachment for CPR dummies created by New York-based ad agency Joan Creative in partnership with . The idea behind this breasted vest — and the related awareness campaign — is to address gender disparities in training and performance of CPR, which is vital for anyone experiencing cardiac arrest.
Research shows that bystanders are less likely to perform CPR on women than men, and experts say superficial anatomical differences may lead people to assume chest compressions must be performed differently on men and women, which is not true.
The Womanikin campaign is part of a larger discussion among public health advocates working to solve this problem.
"It's not just men who have sudden cardiac arrests, and it's not just men we have to save," says Dr. Holly Andersen, a cardiologist, professor of clinical medicine, and director of education and outreach for the Ronald O. Perelman Heart Institute.
A 2017 study looked at data from more than 19,000 people experiencing cardiac events and found that only 39% of the women received CPR from strangers in public as compared to 45% of the men, and that men's odds of surviving were 23% higher than those of women. Even in a virtual reality setting, study subjects were less likely to use CPR on female avatars. The same held true for use of an AED, also called a defibrillator, the device that can help shock hearts back into a regular rhythm.
Andersen, who has worked with Joan Creative to promote the Womanikin since its launch, says the majority of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur in public settings, followed by private residences and nursing homes. Because every minute without CPR decreases a person's chances of survival by 10%, Andersen says, it is not enough just to wait for emergency responders to arrive — bystanders must be willing to act. (Here's a video demonstrating how to do hands-only CPR.)
Why women aren't getting CPR
There are many reasons why people might hesitate to perform CPR or use an AED on women, explains Marion Leary, the director of innovation at the Penn Nursing, who was the lead author on the virtual reality study.
For instance, people don't want to be perceived as assaulting a woman, and might be fearful of hurting the victim or ending up in a lawsuit. According to Andersen, legal action is unlikely because variations of Good Samaritan laws offer some protection in all 50 states. Leary says no potential embarrassment or injury is worth refraining from CPR.
"You can't hurt someone worse than dead," Leary says. "If you do nothing and they're in cardiac arrest, a person will die."
Bystanders may also be less likely to perform CPR on women because they are less aware that women experience cardiac arrests. Leary says women are underrepresented in CPR training materials. Informational videos mostly feature male actors, she says, and the conventional manikin is flat-chested.
"We've been training people relatively the same way since CPR was first quote-unquote 'discovered,'" Leary says. "We need to start thinking about how we can use the technology and innovation of today to really train people differently so that they feel comfortable performing CPR when the time arises."
The American Heart Association has formed an all-female working group of resuscitation experts to think about how to decrease disparities in gender, race and ethnicity in CPR training and application, Leary says.
According to Comilla Sasson, the association's vice president for science and innovation for emergency cardiovascular care, the group will channel their findings into the new 2020 AHA guidelines for CPR and emergency cardiovascular care, which will be released next October. These guidelines will have national reach, Sasson says, because the AHA trains the country's health care providers.
The same technique on every body shape
Some instructors have already started addressing gender disparities in CPR training. Since the Womanikin's June launch, Sarah Collinson, head of account management at Joan Creative, says the company has manufactured ten attachments and published an open-access tool kit enabling anyone to make their own.
While most of the existing attachments remain at Joan's office for use at events and CPR classes, four are being piloted at training schools in Canada, Switzerland, and New York.
Wilderness EMT Henshaw, a lead instructor at Wilderness Medical Associates in New York, started using a Womanikin in August after her employer asked her to test it out.
While Henshaw thinks the Womanikin is a great training tool and conversation starter, she has chosen not to draw attention to it in her classes. She simply makes it available for drills and is prepared to talk about what it represents if anyone asks. Putting too much emphasis on exterior differences, she believes, detracts from the main issue of cardiac arrest and the importance of taking immediate action, since compressions should be performed the same way on every body type.
Correct CPR doesn't necessitate touching a woman's breast, according to Andersen, because compressions should be on the sternum, which is in the middle of the chest. She has started placing a sticker on the sternum to guide people when she brings Womanikins to community events. She also notes that as of 2015 AHA guidelines don't require or even recommend rescue breathing (mouth-to-mouth), except for in certain cases like drowning or overdose.
Henshaw says feedback about the Womanikin has been "overwhelmingly positive," including from some students who have been doing CPR training for decades and had never thought about gender disparities.
Some male students initially felt awkward, Henshaw says, but that hesitation dissipated after a few cycles of practice and her urging them to see the dummy as an important woman in their life who "didn't get CPR because somebody was embarrassed."
Learning to see 'the person not the parts'
While the Womanikin isn't widely available yet, some, like Tammy Turner, have developed their own creative tools to make CPR instruction more inclusive.
Turner, training center coordinator for EdCor, a medical training facility in Lakewood, Colorado, recently started putting shirts and bras on mannikins in her classes to get students comfortable doing compressions on all sorts of chests.
Turner was diagnosed with breast cancer about a year and a half ago, and has since undergone a bilateral mastectomy. After that, it dawned on her that training classes only use male manikins, and that could be an issue.
"I was like, if someone should start CPR on me, that's not something they're going to be used to seeing," Turner says. "How do we help women survive in pre-hospital type conditions in this circumstance?"
The first step was to get trainees comfortable removing shirts and bras from mannikins. That's because she's teaching them both CPR and the use of AEDs, which can be crucial to survival and are recommended to use whenever available — and AEDs should be used on bare chests.
Now Turner is trying to figure out what to put inside of the bras. Ideally, she would like to see breasts with a variety of nipple types, no nipples, and body jewelry. So far, she has been adding sticky boobs to flat-chested manikins.
Though Turner says it began as an experiment, the school is now starting to offer bra-clad manikins in every class. As she observed students selecting their training manikins at the beginning of each class, she noticed an interesting pattern: Students would often choose a dummy based on its attire because, for example, they assumed a pink jacket indicated a bra underneath. At first the manikins only wore pink or blue clothes, but Turner has since added greens and reds to mix things up.
"The big thing that we're really working towards is basically ... looking at the person and not the parts," she says.
Turner is looking for more ways to be inclusive in CPR training. She would like to have some manikins that appear masculine and have some sort of scar across their chests, to promote dialogue about performing CPR on transgender people.
Turner and Henshaw praised the Womanikin, though both say the breasts could be made more varied and realistic, probably with a different material. Collinson from Joan Creative says the agency is actively seeking feedback from the training schools who are using the prototype.
She says they hope to establish a retail partnership, either with a fashion line or a bigger retailer, to produce more attachments faster and more affordably.
The Womanikin alone will not close the CPR gender gap, Collinson says, but will elevate an important conversation. And that, say those working in the field, is a heartening first step.
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